For many years, teaching adults, specialists could not get high results. The aim of the vocational training was to increase the effectiveness of the students in the workplace. And the students themselves did not show much interest in the proposed material. To increase people's interest in science, methods have been developed that we will talk about in this article.
General characteristics
To begin with, let's analyze the concept of active socio-psychological learning. This is a special psychological and pedagogical form, which contributes to the improvement and development of various knowledge, skills and abilities, carried out when working in a group. Active learning is applied in different directions. This may be the purposeful formation of various communication skills among representatives of certain professions, as well as to increase the level of psychological competence or to streamline the culture of mental activity of a particular organization.
Eatthree main blocks in the methods of active socio-psychological education:
- Methods that can be implemented during discussions.
- Methods involving various games.
- Various socio-psychological trainings, which also have their own classification.
This classification of active socio-psychological learning methods is the most common. But there are many more similar ones that are also considered correct and are considered by modern scientists. Next, we will dwell on each section from this list in more detail.
Principles of interaction with the group
In addition to methods of influence, there are certain principles of active socio-psychological training that should be followed when working with a group:
- voluntariness principle;
- principle of personification of statements;
- principle of equal communication;
- here and now principle;
- activity principle;
- principle of openness and sincerity;
- principle of confidentiality.
It is important to remember that during work, not only the teacher influences the group, but the students themselves have an influence on the specialist.
Mechanisms
Besides the main methods of socio-psychological education, it is necessary to single out its mechanisms, which also play an important role. They have their own classification and definitions.
Infection is a process during which one individual, throughpsychophysical contact conveys his emotional state to another. This exchange can take place as independent or in "cooperation" with semantic influence. Infection occurs in the form of empathy, which is possible between people who are in the same mental state. Moreover, emotions at this moment are amplified many times over.
Suggestion is the process of influencing one or more people on other individuals. During the application of this mechanism, the affected individual simply accepts the information as fact. The psychologist does not argue the information in any way, does not explain its significance and direction.
Imitation - an individual consciously or not copies the actions of other people. A group of individuals are offered a standard to follow. Moreover, in this case, they copy not only the manner of behavior, but also the external features of the ideal. The reproduction of such a mechanism is most often resorted to when working with a group of people. Because it's easier to create certain rules that each participant must adhere to.
Persuasion is another way of influencing the consciousness of a person or a separate group of people. During the application of this method, psychologists set themselves the goal of changing opinions and views. The persuader must make sure that the individual accepts his position and adheres to it in any of his activities. The method of persuasion can only be used if you have sufficient arguments, can provide evidence that your point of view is the only correct one, and also build a logicalchain.
The listed methods contain the essence and content of active socio-psychological education. Next, we will consider in more detail the process of working with groups of people and the features of its implementation.
Debating Methods
Discussion refers to the methods of active socio-psychological education. This method is used during the process of solving various problems. During the application of this method, a group of people discusses the opinions of others, each participant can give his own arguments, express his own opinion, prove to others that their position is correct.
Group discussion is a method that allows you to influence the opinions, attitudes and attitudes of individuals through communication and information exchange between participants.
Psychologist Jean Piaget first spoke about discussions in the twentieth century. In his works, he showed that even an ordinary student, through a discussion, leaves his egocentric thoughts and takes the position of the people in the group with whom he works. Although everyone knows that it is not so easy to convince a teenager. Many psychologists have identified a number of advantages in applying this method:
- During the discussion, you can consider the problem from several sides and choose the most correct solution for some serious problems.
- If during a lecture a person simply listens to the information offered, then in the discussion he can take an active part, express his opinion, and also listen to the opinion of other participants. Thus inmuch more knowledge is deposited in the head of the individual, he learns to analyze on his own, to think about the fact that perhaps he should change his views.
- During discussion, individuals learn to work in a group. Here they can not only express their own thoughts, but also listen to others. Participants analyze what they hear and compare with their own thoughts, and can also learn to defend their own position, explain why it is their opinion that is worth listening to.
- During the discussion, a group of people can come to one common decision, considering and analyzing the opinions of everyone. Here, students can fulfill themselves and assert themselves.
- When implementing this method, you can clearly see how accurately people understand what they are talking about, and whether they are ready to come to a common solution to the problem.
Types of discussions
If we consider Panin's theory, he identifies several main types of group discussions that are the most effective.
- Panel discussion, which is only held when there is a large group, when more than forty people participate in the discussion.
- "Snowball" - everyone who is part of the group should take part in the discussion of the problem. The purpose of this discussion is to identify and agree on all existing opinions, as well as to reach a single decision.
- "Quadro" - during such a discussion, you need to establish feedback with the group. The teacher or any participant can express their opinion and give arguments, and each participant is faced with the task of expressing their own vision and analyzing the position of the other.
- "Priorities" - here again there will be a comparison of all available opinions, and their diversity will also be considered. After all, each member of the discussion will have their own views, which may or may not be true.
- Brainstorming is the easiest way to have a discussion. Here everyone can join the discussion or leave it at any time. Any member of the group is absolutely free to express his thoughts, express his own opinion and criticize someone else's. Brainstorming is used when it is necessary to make a collective decision, when a group of people considers each individual opinion and takes something from it.
Game method
Games can be safely attributed to active methods of socio-psychological education. This type of human activity takes place in many fields and sciences. Now there are many types of games that are not only for children. In this section, we will take a closer look at their role in psychology. In this science, a game means creating a situation to obtain a certain psychological result. This result can be:
- Emotions.
- Knowledge, skills, skills.
- Achievements of victories.
- Building relationships with others.
- Developing certain personality traits.
Many people wonder why the game is sopopular method? This is due to the fact that during the playing of the situation it can be repeated more than once in order to achieve the result that the group expects. In addition, during the game, you can work together with people, and not on them, thereby achieving a positive result. To carry out this method you will need:
- Technology of the future game.
- Special play set.
- As well as game interaction, for which not only the group, but also the organizer is responsible.
Main types of games
Business. It is based on the social or subject content of any type of activity that is close to the participants. During the game, it is necessary to try as accurately as possible to model the relationships that are characteristic of this type of practice. An imitation of activity is created, and the group must recreate the dynamics and conditions that should be in real conditions.
You can highlight the main features of this type of game to distinguish it from any other:
- A system of relations that is inherent in a particular type of practical activity, as well as the recreation of social and subject content that is characteristic of a particular profession.
- During a business game, a certain problem is simulated, and each participant proposes his own solution, which then needs to be implemented.
- The roles that must be distributed among the participants must be determined.
- When looking for solutionsa participant who has his own role should only think from his position.
- The whole group should interact with each other.
- The collective has a common goal, which they can achieve only through interaction and subordination of their secondary goals and objectives to one.
- The group works out a collective solution to the problem.
- There are many alternatives for making a decision.
- There is emotional tension in the group, but the teacher can easily manage it.
- There is a certain system for evaluating group performance.
Role-playing. During the role-playing game, each member of the group receives a certain role, which is of great importance for him in everyday life. The role itself is considered the most important attribute for this type of game, and the relationship between people is the connection in which the goal and some prescriptions are laid.
The purpose of the role play is to prepare each participant for some of the situations they may encounter. And also prepare people to solve problems and sort out difficult situations, teach them to think rationally during unforeseen incidents, and solve various psychological and pedagogical problems.
When conducting role-playing games, participants are faced with certain situations that have occurred in their real life. And the participants themselves are required to find really right solutions, change the behavior model that does not lead to the elimination of problems. Psychologist Platov identified some signs by which this type of game can be easily distinguished fromany other:
- The structure of the game includes a certain communication that occurs in socio-economic systems.
- Roles are distributed between the participants.
- Each role has a different purpose.
- Work is done only with full cooperation.
- There are many alternatives to make a single decision.
- There is a system whereby group and individual evaluation of everything that happens during the game is carried out.
- Emotional stress in the team is under control.
Imitation. Based on the name, we can conclude that some imitation of actions takes place during the conduct of this game. There are rules and competition between the participants and there is no role play, as was the case in the previous section. When conducting such a game, none of the participants gets a role, life situations are not recreated, there are only conditions that are slightly close to reality. The most effective simulation will be if you need to determine the level of interpersonal relationships, the ability of people to work in a team, to make common decisions.
Signs:
- Create a model of certain conditions.
- The leader announces the rules.
- In most cases there are multiple lead times.
- The result is quantifiable.
- Hone the skill of making general and individual decisions.
Socio-psychologic altraining
Socio-psychological training as a complex form of active socio-psychological training can have several meanings, and the most common of them are preparation, training, education, training. Training aims to deliberately change the psychological phenomena of one person or an entire group. But its goal is to create harmony between the professional and personal being of a person. To conduct this form of socio-psychological training, a training group is created in which interaction is carried out between the psychologist and the participants.
The first trainings were held in 1946, and their purpose was to explore interpersonal relationships and increase the level of communication. And training as a separate psychological method was defined by Forverg in 1950. Now psychologists are actively using this method when working with children, parents, difficult teenagers, workers and employees of various enterprises.
Benefits of working in a group
- Working in a group, a person learns to solve interpersonal problems that may be encountered in life.
- A group is a kind of society, only in miniature.
- Feedback can be established in the group, and members receive support from those who have experienced similar problems.
- A group member can gain completely new knowledge and skills, as well as try to experiment in relationships with partners.
- It is possible to identify participants with each other.
- When working in a group, tension builds up, which means that a psychologist can determine what psychological problems each member of the team has.
- In a team, it is easier for a person to carry out the process of self-knowledge, self-disclosure and self-exploration.
- Even economically, group work is much more profitable.
Stages of the training
N. V. Matyash adheres to this sequence.
In the first place is a warm-up or warm-up, when the participants begin to get involved in the work, get to know each other and the rules of the training. It is good if the psychologist conducts special exercises that will help people get to know each other, unite, and become a single group.
Next comes the main part. Here the team gets acquainted with the problem posed, work is carried out to develop communication skills, which are prescribed in the program created specifically for the training. Here the psychologist works with tasks and techniques that he developed in advance, worked on his own and now he can safely apply in practice.
Third stage, final. Here is an analysis of all the work that was done during the lesson. Participants exchange opinions and receive homework. The psychologist conducts a so-called farewell ritual called "Group Dying".
Preparing for class
There is a special model for preparing for a training session:
- The psychologist must clearly define the topic and idea of the future lesson.
- You need to decide in advance who will be in the group.
- Need to know how long the session will last and how many times it needs to be done.
- Formulate a psychological and pedagogical problem that will be solved during the lesson. It must be clearly and clearly stated.
- Besides this, there should be tasks to be assigned to the assembled group.
- Be sure to choose psychotechniques that can be used to work with this particular group.
- The entire training program should be divided into blocks, and certain classes should be prescribed in each block.
- There must be a plan for how the psychologist will work.
- Each activity should have its own short plan, in which you need to specify all the activities.
At the end of the training, the psychologist must analyze the lesson, determine what has been achieved, whether all tasks have been solved and whether the goal left has been achieved. After that, you can start preparing for the next training. A practical psychologist can use the methods of active socio-psychological training with a textbook that can help in organizing work.
