What is the difference between "character" and "temperament"? Temperament is what a person receives at birth. Properties, motives of behavior and skills that are genetically incorporated. Character is developed with experience, often in an attempt to change temperament. For example, from childhood, a shy young man becomes more determined in adulthood because he took acting classes and developed the ability to speak boldly in public. Here shyness is a trait of temperament. And the acquired determination is a character trait. Diagnosing your own temperament contributes to the formation of character, if you work on yourself. Self-knowledge at the psychological level allows you to reveal positive personality traits and work on negative ones. For parents, the diagnosis of the child's temperament will give the key to his upbringing, tell him how to treat the baby so that he hears and understands correctly.
Temperaments
From the school bench, everyone knows four types of temperament into which people are divided. The distinction is made depending on the behavioral reactions to the expected events, from which clear patterns of behavior are formed. Interestingly, character traits can manifest themselves in a person regardless of the type of temperament. Many do not think about it, confusing concepts or combining them into one. But from these differences it is clearly seen that each person is unique, since events, life experience, childhood, social environment - all this educates character.
Properties of temperament
Manifestations of properties depending on the type of personality differ significantly. This is what makes it possible to conduct a qualitative diagnosis of temperament and character.
1. Sensitivity. This definition characterizes the individual's response to external stimuli. Each of the types reacts differently, one will show a violent reaction if hurt. The other will not pay attention.
2. Reactivity. Characterized by an involuntary response to external or internal stimuli, such as harsh sounds, loud music, or screaming.
3. Activity. Refers to the reaction to the outside world. Purposefulness, willingness to overcome difficulties, the ability to steadfastly withstand life's troubles.
4. Plasticity (rigidity). The ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Life flexibility.
5. The pace of reactive activity. Speed reaction. The ability to respond quickly to stimuli.
6. Introversion (extraversion). Ability to acceptquick decisions. The speed of information perception.
7. Emotional excitability. External manifestations of the response.
Based on the listed properties, complex diagnostics of temperament types is built. How do you know what type you are? The properties of temperament types are also associated with the hormonal nature, physiological processes in the body, and the structure of the figure.
Method for determining the type of temperament
The most extensive and popular method is the Eysenck temperament diagnostic method.
Hans Jurgen Eysenck is a British psychologist. He developed a system of questions, answering “yes” or “no” to diagnose the properties and types of temperaments. The result of passing the questionnaire will be the identification of the real self, taking into account introversion and extraversion. The technique also reveals the emotional stability of the individual. The Eysenck test is a classic method for determining personality typology, one of the most used in modern psychology.
Eysenck Questionnaire
So, answer a series of questions. Do not think for a long time over the answers, act at the behest of consciousness. Place a plus next to the question number if the answer is yes. And minus if the answer is no.
Questionnaire text:
1. Do you often crave new experiences, distractions, strong sensations?
2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand, encourage, sympathize with you?
3. Do you consider yourself carefreehuman?
4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?
5. Do you think things over slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it doesn't work for you?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Are you usually quick to act and speak?
9. Have you ever felt unhappy when there was no real reason for it?
10. Is it true that you are able to decide on everything for an “argument”?
11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex you like?
12. Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
13. Do you often act thoughtlessly, on the spur of the moment?
14. Do you often worry about the thought that you shouldn't have done or said something?
15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16. Is it true that you are easily offended?
17. Do you like to be in the company often?
18. Do you have thoughts that you don't want to share with others?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything is on fire in your hands, and sometimes you feel tired?
20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?
21. Do you dream a lot?
22. When you get yelled at, do you respond in kind?
23. Do you consider all your habits to be good?
24. Do you oftenDo you get the feeling that you are guilty of something?
25. Are you sometimes able to give free rein to your feelings and carefree fun in a fun company?
26. Can it be said that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?
27. Are you reputed to be a lively and cheerful person?
28. After a job is done, do you often think back to it and think about what you could have done better?
29. Do you feel restless being in a big company?
30. Do you ever spread rumors?
31. Do you ever find yourself unable to sleep because thoughts are running through your head?
32. If you want to know something, do you prefer to find it in a book or ask people?
33. Do you have palpitations?
34. Do you enjoy work that requires focus?
35. Do you have bouts of shaking?
36. Do you always tell the truth?
37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a company where they make fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires speed?
40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and horrors that could happen, although everything ended well?
41. Is it true that you are slow in your movements and somewhat slow?
42. Are you ever late for work or meeting someone?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you do not miss any opportunity to talk with a newhuman?
45. Do you suffer from any pain?
46. Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
47. Are you a nervous person?
48. Are there people you know that you obviously don't like?
49. Are you a confident person?
50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
51. Do you find it hard to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people?
52. Are you bothered by the feeling that you are somehow inferior to others?
53. Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
54. Do you sometimes talk about things you don't understand at all?
55. Are you worried about your he alth?
56. Do you like to play pranks on others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Deciphering the result
All questions are divided into groups that relate to the personal qualities of the individual. Count how many times you answered "yes" or "no" to the number questions in each group.
Processing results:
1. Extraversion - is the sum of the answers "Yes" in questions 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56, and the answers "No" in questions 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 37, 41, 51.
If the total score is 0-10, then you are an introvert, closed within yourself. If 11-14, then you are an ambivert, communicate when you need it. If 15-24, then you are an extrovert, sociable, turned to the outside world.
2. Neuroticism - is the number of answers "Yes" in questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28,31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57.
If the number of "Yes" answers is 0-10, you have emotional stability. If 11-16, then emotional impressionability. If 17-22, then there are separate signs of looseness of the nervous system. If 23-24, you have neuroticism bordering on pathology, a breakdown, neurosis is possible.
3. False - is the sum of the scores of the answers "Yes" in questions 6, 24, 36, and the answers "No" in questions 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
If a score of 0-3 is the norm for human lies, the answers can be trusted. If 4-5, then it is doubtful. If 6-9, your answers are invalid.
If the answers can be trusted, then a graph is built based on the received data.
Reduce the result by points to the Eysenck scale. Check in which part of the circle the value of the result of your questionnaire appeared.
Eysenck values
Interestingly, there are no 100% extroverts or introverts. In each personality, the qualities of both types of temperaments are combined in different proportions. Let us consider in more detail the meaning of each of the poles of the test for temperament in the circle of Eysenck.
Extrovert
He won't go into his pocket for a word. Lover to talk about everything in the world. There is such a person in every team, he attracts listeners to himself, he is ready to support any conversation. Likes to meet new people, makes many friends. But he does not have enough opportunity to pay due attention to everyone. Therefore, the relationship is superficial. Extrovert loves to create around himtraffic. They constantly call him on the phone, he is going somewhere, in a hurry. He likes to be in society, it fills him with energy. Outwardly, an extrovert can be recognized by a loud voice, ringing laughter and active gestures. Often it is difficult for him to stop, he can say too much. He is bored of being alone. Even being alone at home, an extrovert will communicate with someone on the phone, correspond. Prone to risk, impulsive in action. But cheerful and groovy.
Introvert
Some detachment from society is typical for him. The circle of friends chooses carefully, with the expectation of a lifetime. Introverts are reluctant to make contact, only when necessary. These are rare guests at parties, and if they appear there, then under pressure, because they do not want to go of their own free will. Those close to an introvert are people who have been proven over the years and who are nice to him. If he does not see them for a long time, the relationship is still sincere and friendly. Introverts are comfortable being alone, they always have something to do. The company gets tired quickly. At the same time, they can lead a quite active life in society, they do not necessarily sit at home within four walls. An introvert gets energy from things: from good food, interesting literature, he althy sleep. For him, the inner component of his life, stability and tranquility are more important. As a rule, he is pedantic, does not like to make quick decisions. Characterized by a high degree of self-control, rarely angry. Possesses high morality, prone to excessive pessimism.
Neuroticism
Characterized by increased excitability, irritability. This trait of temperament gives the person uncertainty in everything (in himself, in others, in things and actions). In diagnosing the type of personality temperament, this property indicates a restless nature, vulnerable and prone to depression. Reactions to external stimuli may be inadequate, which is fraught with consequences in the form of stress and neurosis. The person is receptive to external events, anxious. In psychology, it is defined as an emotionally unstable personality type. An individual with signs of neuroticism worries all the time with or without reason, is overly self-critical, and is afraid of public transport. Exaggerated fears about loved ones.
Neuroticism is accompanied by feelings of guilt, defenselessness.
Emotional stability
Self-confidence, propensity to lead. Calmness and balance. The individual is ready to help everyone (and helps if possible). There is no tension, in stressful situations it acts clearly and quickly. Quickly adapts to new circumstances, easily absorbs information. A person does not pay attention to the little things in life. Purposefully moving towards his goal.
Pavlov's method
Russian physiologist I. V. Pavlov identified four well-known personality typologies. The classification is as follows: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic. Express diagnostics of Eysenck's temperaments, in combination with Pavlov's method, gave the most accurate and disclosed definition of these concepts. As a result, we can characterize people as follows:
• A sanguine person is a person withemotional stability and extrovert traits.
• Choleric is emotionally unstable and extroverted.
• Phlegmatic - emotionally stable and introvert.
• Melancholic is an introvert prone to neurosis.
Let's study each of the types in more detail.
Choleric
For expressed representatives of this temperament, emotions prevail over reason. Any event in life is expressed on the emotional level of such a person. In a moment of joy, he will jump, scream, hug everyone and laugh out loud. At the moment of disappointment, it is bitter to cry and tell others about your trouble. Moreover, it will move rapidly from one state to another. The flow of energy thrown out in a fit of emotions quickly dries up, this constantly requires replenishment with new sensations.
Choleric energetically takes on new things, his whole life is filled with actions that require his vigilant urgent attention. If he has a favorite thing, the choleric will give himself to him with all passion. He has pronounced leadership qualities, he is able to become a leader, leading people. It has a high resistance to stress, as it is unable to detain attention for a long time on unpleasant moments. It is common for a choleric person to abandon an unfinished business if he is not interested in it. The mood often changes, because it reacts emotionally to every moment in life. Short-tempered and unrestrained. Cholerics who prefer honest relationships will defend the unreasonably accused until they lose their pulse. Pravdoruby, rather fromincontinence. Strive to be the protagonist in any event.
Melancholic
Vulnerable, prone to knowing the inner "I". If a temperament test showed that an individual is basically melancholic, this does not mean that he is a sad pessimist. This type of temperament has a pronounced creative beginning. The melancholic is spiritually developed and prone to deep emotional experiences. Knows how to look at the root of the problem or events, notices the details. Able to perfectly cope with any work, especially requiring perseverance and attentiveness. He sees beauty in the most ordinary things. Suspicious, from this avoids contact with people whom he does not trust completely. Reduced self-esteem, offended by statements addressed to him. Slow, but hardy and capable of analysis. A sensitive melancholic is prone to long-term relationships with people. Having lost his trust, it is most likely impossible to restore him.
Sanguine
Changeable type. If the temperament test showed that you are a sanguine person, you need to carefully monitor your emotions. A sanguine person changes his mind instantly, the same goes for commitment to hobbies and work. At the same time, the sanguine is the most lively and cheerful of all types of temperaments. He is active, artistic, has a rich facial expression. It's interesting to watch him. Quickly adapts to changing circumstances. He takes up work easily and joyfully, since childhood he has been fond of various circles, interest clubs. The sanguine person lives with pleasure, enjoys both work and leisure. In case of lack of affection and interestinghobbies becomes superficial.
Phlegmatic
This type of temperament is solid and consistent. He is selective in hobbies, always brings all things to their logical conclusion. Life position is weak, not active. He is not prone to impulsive actions, he is calm and collected, he does not like empty talk. A hard worker at work, always ready to help, take responsibility. The phlegmatic has a deep inner world. In negative traits, he is lethargic, incapable of taking a decisive step. But the most calm of all, inert. Persistent in achieving the goal. Stress-resistant, avoids conflicts. It is hard to adapt to new conditions, not ready for drastic changes. Not subject to emotions, does not express feelings directly. He is able to listen to another person, while not talking about his feelings. There are no problems with self-esteem, rarely it is a little underestimated.
Typology of personality in children
For parents, knowing the type of temperament in a child is undoubtedly important. Determining the temperament of a person in childhood gives the key to education, building an effective learning process. If you correctly understand what type your baby belongs to, there is a chance to use his positive traits to the maximum, to enable favorable personality development. Having an understanding of how a child thinks, and taking into account the characteristic features of temperament, a thinking adult is able to avoid harming the child's psyche and minimize the formation of negative aspects of character.
Choleric Child
Thisthe child is noisy, restless and active. It can be aggressive, it is characterized by a quick change of mood. He perceives information well, but often forgets what he was asked about. Difficulty going to bed. Likes noisy games, quickly finds contact with other players. The body works quickly, the baby easily recovers from illness.
Parents need to fill the free time of a choleric child with some useful activity. It would be better if it was a sports section. It needs to be taken out to nature more often, it needs a lot of space. After the release of energy in the section, you can engage in intellectual activities. The child should come to educational activities physically tired, then he will be able to perceive information and be assiduous. Fatigue will not affect the work of the brain; a choleric child has inexhaustible energy reserves.
Melancholic child
Extremely reasonable, unhurried. Uncomfortable feels in an unfamiliar atmosphere, hard to converge with other children. But if you make friends with someone, then for a long time. Sensitive, from this we are vulnerable. You need to communicate with him carefully, as he perceives everything at his own expense. The information assimilates for a long time, timid and uncertain when communicating. A change of place of residence or kindergarten is perceived by a melancholic child hard. It is difficult to put him to sleep, but in the morning he is alert and ready for action.
A melancholic child needs parental approval and support. He needs this more than anything else. From criticism and abuse closes, in the future it will bringhe has a lot of problems. It requires support for his initiative in any endeavors, stimulation of stories about his own feelings.
Sanguine child
Soul of the company, open to both other children and adults. A little careless, no sense of self-preservation. He takes on a lot of things, but brings little to the end. Does not calculate strength. Does not remember insults, restless. Prone to team games, loves sports and communication.
Parents need to train perseverance and hard work in a sanguine child. A joint lesson will place the child and prepare the ground for a trusting relationship. Assembling a constructor or a puzzle, a puzzle is something that he cannot do alone, and together with his parents such an activity will give the desired educational effect. It is necessary to instill in the child the basics of morality so that an easy attitude to life does not grow into a superficial one.
Phlegmatic child
Slow, solid. Likes to find out what the essence of everything is. He is not emotional, so there is often a feeling that he does not care what is happening around him. Can independently play for a long time and enthusiastically and not interfere with adults. Sleeps well, but has difficulty getting up in the morning. Loves to snuggle under the covers.
Parents need to learn to transmit positive emotions to their child. He easily succumbs to a passion for a useful activity: caring for an animal, household chores. It is necessary to add variety to his daily routine: watching cartoons and films, going to the circus and the zoo. To stimulate physical development, a home Swedish wall is suitableor rope.
In closing
Psychological diagnosis of temperament affects not only self-knowledge. Knowing what type you are provides an opportunity to stimulate the development of personality strengths. By recognizing weaknesses, you can deal with them. Or, conversely, use it for good. Diagnostics of temperament in adolescents and young children allows parents to raise a child without breaking his worldview and attitude. Willingness to work and develop a child's strengths will surely resonate.
Each type of temperament has its strengths and weaknesses, and the task of a person throughout life is to find harmony between them. The integrity of the individual is determined by the ability to find the edges of all the inherent possibilities and skillfully use them in one's own life. Society consists of many individual personalities, and even complete opposites in temperament can exist side by side without mutual claims.
