In the list of the most significant properties that a person possesses, one of the first positions is occupied by temperament. Interest in this concept arose a long time ago, even 2.5 thousand years ago. In those distant times, certain differences between people were realized. The existing individual features of the physiological and biological structure of man, as well as his social development, were considered an obvious fact. All these factors have been carefully studied.
The concept of temperament
All people have certain behaviors. Some of them are mobile, emotional and energetic, others are calm, slow and calm, others are secretive, sad and withdrawn.
Temperament belongs to the category of biological structures of personality and is a property of a person that characterizes the depth and strength of his feelings, general mobility and speed of movements. It is these main features that give a special color to all human activities.
Individual features of temperament determine the dynamics of behavior and mental activity of a person. They characterize the speed and intensity of response, the degree of emotional balance and excitability, as well as the abilityadapt to the environment.
Components
Temperament has two components. One of them is activity, and the second is emotionality. The first element is a characteristic of the degree of energy, speed and swiftness, or, on the contrary, inertia and slowness.
As for emotionality, this is an important characteristic of temperament, associated with a person's impressionability and impulsiveness.
Types of temperament
Even the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates proposed his own concept in the study of individual characteristics of a person. In his teachings, the great healer explained that temperament is directly dependent on a mixture of four body fluids - blood, red-yellow bile, mucus and black bile. The predominance of one or another component underlies the sanguine or choleric, melancholic or phlegmatic type of personality.
It should be emphasized that there are no good or bad temperaments. Each of them has its own both positive and negative sides. When communicating with a person, one should not strive to change his behavioral characteristics, because they are innate. It is necessary to wisely use all the virtues of temperament and level its negative sides.
Characteristics of types of temperament
The main types of individual characteristics of personality behavior differ among themselves in the intensity of emotionalstate and dynamics of its occurrence. So, the choleric type is characterized by strong and quickly arising feelings. A sanguine person has weak feelings. Although they appear just as quickly. The melancholy type of temperament is distinguished by strong feelings that appear over a long period. In phlegmatic people, all psycho-emotional processes are very slow. The resulting feelings are very weak.
Temperamental nature is choleric and sanguine. Such people are quick in their movements and agile. They have a tendency to external strong expressions of feelings. This is reflected in facial expressions, speech, movements, etc. The characteristics of temperament types indicate that phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, express their feelings poorly. At the same time, they have slow movements.
Dominant Instinct System
There is a slightly different classification of human temperaments. It is determined by the dominant instincts and is represented by seven different kinds. The first one is egophilic. Such people from early childhood are distinguished by increased caution. They are characterized by intolerance to pain, a tendency to fear and conservatism, suspiciousness, distrust and suspicion.
The next type of temperament is genophilic. For people who have it, "I" is replaced by the concept of "We". This type of personality is very responsive and subtly captures the emerging problems of loved ones. If the circumstances are unfavorable, then there is the formation of an alarminga personality who is focused on caring for family and children.
Altruistic personality type from childhood is characterized by generosity, kindness and empathy. Such people, understanding the state of others, are ready to give them the last. An altruist will not be able to hit a person even in return.
With the research type of temperament, there is a special curiosity from early childhood. Such a person always strives to get to the very essence of the issue. The dominant type of temperament is due to the desire for leadership. At the same time, the ability to set a goal and organize, as well as show the will in solving any problem, is manifested. These people are distinguished by logical thinking and courage, the ability to highlight the main thing and responsibility.
Features of temperament of the liberophilic type are manifested from the cradle. The child already then protests against diapers and long lying in the crib. Over the years, along with it, a tendency to impatience with any restriction of freedom grows. People with this temperament reject authority, they show tolerance for deprivation and pain. Such individuals strive for independence. They are characterized by frequent change of jobs, intolerance to routine. It is not difficult for them to change their lifestyle.
The psychological characteristic of the temperament of the lignitophilic type lies in intolerance to any kind of humiliation. From an early age, these people are able to catch ridicule and irony in their address. You can negotiate with such children only with the help of affection.
Psychodiagnostics
Regarding the individual characteristics of a particular characterconclusions can only be drawn after the test has been carried out. The temperament that any psychodiagnostics will reveal, however, cannot be considered one hundred percent inherent in a particular person. The fact is that each of us tomorrow can be a little different.
Tests to determine the various abilities of a person have been used since ancient times. With their help, it is possible to reveal not only mental abilities, but also the professional suitability of an employee, as well as his sincerity, etc. However, it is a mistake to believe that a temperament test will allow you to distribute people according to its main types. Only a few are unconditional representatives of this or that type of behavior. The psychological characteristic of temperament reveals in most cases a combination of one type with the features of another.
Basis of character
Temperament and personality are closely related. Features of human behavior determine a number of its individual properties. First of all, they include character.
In the case when we say that a person is temperamental, this means that we are talking about an emotional, impressionable, anxious and impulsive person. This is a nature whose character is significantly affected by various incentives.
If a person is temperamental, this means a greater impact on her of those incentives that do not particularly affect a person who is less impressionable. The individual characteristics of the behavior of each of us directly depend on emotionality. If nature is temperamental,this means that she attaches great importance to the events that occur around her. At the same time, the depth and speed of emotional reactions are great.
Temperamental person has much stronger bodily reactions. However, they are closely related to emotions. Such a person is not calm. He is in constant captivity of any emotions or, on the contrary, is depressed. The temperamental character is very impulsive. This is manifested in the incontinence of reactions, their spontaneity. At the same time, actions in any situation are made by a person before he has time to think them over and make the right decision.
Temperamental woman or temperamental man first of all react. Only after that they consider the correctness of their actions, often regretting premature and wrong actions or statements. Temperamental personality is characterized by anxiety. She often has fears and concerns, as well as fear of something. All these emotional experiences are directly related to the anxiety that arises. It seems to such a person that the surrounding reality in many of its manifestations poses a direct threat to his own "I". A temperamental person of this type is afraid of phone calls and strangers, exams and public speaking, official institutions, etc.
The origins of temperament
Individual features of human behavior also depend on the conditions in which the formation of his personality took place. Ultimately, temperament is influenced by education and training,traditions of society and its culture, customs of ethnic groups and much more.
Influence on personal ability
The possibility of obtaining certain skills also depends to some extent on temperament. This is especially true for the development of the ability to perform precise and complex movements that have an uneven pace and a difficult trajectory. The speed of reaction and the speed of excitability are important for increased performance and concentration for a long time.
The difference between temperament and character
Peculiarities of human behavior do not at all characterize the content facets of personality. They have nothing to do with beliefs and views, worldviews and interests, they do not determine the limit of achievements. Temperament refers only to the dynamic side of activity. But at the same time, a person's behavior can be used to judge his character, the qualitative characteristics of his personality.
