Anna Freud, whose photo and biography are presented in this article, is the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha. She was born in 1895, December 3rd. At that time, the financial situation of the family was difficult, and everyday difficulties were aggravated by the birth of the sixth child. Martha Freud ran the household on her own and also took care of the children. In order to help her, Minna, her sister, moved to the Freuds' house. She became a second mother to Anna.
Father influence
Sigmund was forced to work very hard. Only during the holidays did he find an opportunity to communicate with his children. For Anna, the highest award was the recognition of her father. She tried to be better for him.
Study
In 1901, Anna entered a private school. After two years of study there, she moved to the folk. Then Anna Freud entered a private lyceum. However, he alone was not enough to continue studying at the university - he had to finish the gymnasium. Anna never received her higher education.
Breaking up with Sophie
Forgirls critical year was 1911. Then Sophie, her sister, left her father's house. She was her father's favorite, and many of his visitors immediately fell in love with this girl. Sophie and Anna lived in the same room and were very friendly. When Sophie got married, Anna was already 16 years old. She has already passed the exams at the Lyceum. The girl was tormented by the question of how her own fate would turn out. She was not distinguished by beauty, even considered herself, with the maximalism characteristic of youth, an ugly girl.
Travel, continuing education and teaching
According to Sigmund's advice, she set off to travel in order to drown out her mental anguish with new impressions. Anna spent 5 months in Italy, and after she returned to her homeland, she continued her education. She passed the final exam in 1914, and for the next 5 years she worked as a teacher.
Introduction to psychoanalysis
Sigmund was satisfied with his daughter's career. He pointed out to the girl in letters only two of her shortcomings - an excessive passion for knitting and a stooped posture. Anna first heard about psychoanalysis from her father when she was 13 years old. Later, seeing that his daughter was sincerely interested, Sigmund allowed her to attend lectures he gave and even during the reception of patients. Between 1918 and 1921, the girl was analyzed by her father. This was a violation of psychoanalytic ethics, but Sigmund's authority prevented his followers from expressing their disapproval openly.
After the First World War began, Freud's sons were drafted into the army, anddaughters got married. Anna was the only child left with her father. She has always shunned suitors.
First Achievements
Since 1918, the girl took part in the International Psychoanalytic Congresses. She became a member of the Psychoanalytic Publishing House (English branch) in 1920. Her interests are related to daydreams and fantasies. Anna translated the book "Wake Dreams" by J. Warendock into German.
In 1923 Anna opened her own practice. She settled in the house where her father received patients. Adults came to Sigmund, and Anna received children. It is she who deserves the merit of highlighting the psychoanalysis of childhood as an independent direction in practice. Rethinking her father's ideas, Anna Freud focused all her attention on the child. After all, he needs help no less, and sometimes even more, and suffers just like an adult.
Difficulties faced in professional activities
At first, Anna Freud experienced many difficulties in her professional activities. Her biography was not marked by receiving a medical education. His absence was an obstacle to recognition. Sigmund Freud referred psychoanalysis more to psychology than to medicine. However, not everyone thought so. In addition, most of the analysts had a medical background. Therefore, Anna's lack of it looked like a significant disadvantage. They didn't send herpatients. The girl had to start with the children of her acquaintances and friends. In addition, the difficulties of working with young patients were revealed. Adults were interested in treatment and willingly paid for it. However, the parents brought the child to Anna, often against his will. The children were often capricious, did not want to talk, and hid under the table. Here the pedagogical experience acquired by Anna came in handy: the girl knew how to win over the students to herself. She told entertaining stories to her patients, entertained them with tricks, and if necessary, she could crawl under the table herself in order to talk to the little stubborn one.
Help your father
Anna Freud in 1923 suddenly learned that Sigmund had cancer. He went to the operation, which was complicated by severe bleeding. Anna was told that Sigmund needed help getting home. In order to support her father, she made selfless efforts. Sigmund Freud, largely thanks to Anna, managed to live another 16 years. He underwent 31 operations. His daughter looked after him and also took on a large share of his affairs. Anna spoke at international congresses instead of Sigmund, accepted his awards, read reports.
Relationship with D. Burlingam
D. Burlingham-Tiffany arrived in Vienna in 1925. This is the daughter of a we althy inventor and manufacturer Tiffany, an admirer of Sigmund Freud. She arrived with four of her children, but without her husband (she had a difficult relationship with him). Anna Freud became a second mother to her children, as well as to her nephew -Sophie's child, who died in 1920. She played with them, traveled, went to the theater. D. Burlingam moved to Freud's house in 1928 and lived here until her death (in 1979).
First Book
At the end of 1924, Anna Freud became secretary of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. Child psychoanalysis is the topic of lectures for educators that she read at this institute. Anna Freud's first book was composed of four lectures. It is called "An Introduction to the Technique of Child Psychoanalysis". This book was published in 1927.
Tough Times
The 1930s were not easy years for the psychoanalytic movement and for the Freud family. The "Psychoanalytical Publishing House", which was founded on large donations in the early 1920s, in 1931 turned out to be practically ruined. It was only through the efforts of Anna Freud that he was saved.
Psychology of the Self and defense mechanisms
In 1936, the main theoretical work of this researcher was published. Anna Freud ("Psychology of the Self and Defense Mechanisms") opposed the view that the object of psychoanalysis is exclusively the unconscious. It becomes "I" - the center of consciousness. Anna Freud's psychoanalysis is thus characterized by an innovative approach to the object.
Nazi occupation
At that time clouds of Nazism gathered over Europe. After Hitler came to power, psychoanalysis was banned, and Sigmund's works were burned. psychoanalysts,foreseeing the danger, they left Austria. The Jews were especially afraid of the Nazis. It was difficult for the sick and elderly Freud to leave his homeland. In Vienna, he was caught by the Nazi occupation. Anna Freud was summoned to the Gestapo for interrogation on March 22, 1938. Fearing torture, she took poison with her. This day was a terrible test for her. For the rest of her life, she was tormented by memories of him. Anna after that for a long time could not return to where she looked into the eyes of death. Only in 1971 did she make a short visit to Vienna, visited the house-museum where she once lived.
Emigration
Thanks to the help of Marie Bonaparte, the French princess, as well as the American ambassadors to France and Austria, Sigmund Freud, his daughter and wife were ransomed from the Nazis. On June 4, 1938, the family left for Paris, and then for England. Here Freud and Anna lived the rest of their lives. Sigmund Freud died on September 23, 1939. Anna immediately set to work on publishing his collected works. In 1942-45. it came out in Germany in German.
Activities of Anna Freud in the post-war period
After the war, Anna sent all her strength to help children affected by German bombing. She gathered children from dilapidated houses, organized help for them, found funds from various companies, foundations and individuals to support them. Anna Freud opened a nursery in 1939. Until 1945, more than 80 children of various ages found shelter in them. Anna has published the results of research done on experimental material in Monthly Reports.
Anne Freud turned 50 in 1945years. At this age, many retire, but she actively carried her knowledge to the world. Anna participated in congresses, honor ceremonies, meetings, traveled a lot. Her first trip to the United States took place in 1950. She gave lectures. In London, the daughter of Sigmund Freud worked at the institute: she gave lectures, colloquia, seminars, and solved organizational issues.
Celebrities who turned to Anna
She conducted psychoanalysis on her own until 1982. Many celebrities have turned to her, including Marilyn Monroe. Anna had a great influence on Hermann Hesse, maintained contact with A. Schweitzer. Twelve more times after 1950 she traveled to the US to lecture.
Final work, last years of life
In 1965 A. Freud finished her final work "Norm and Pathology in Childhood". In 1968, Anna translated it into her native language. Anna Freud suffered from back pain and lung disease for a long time. To this was added in 1976 anemia. She needed constant blood transfusions. Even at the age of 80, Anna did not stop working. However, on March 1, 1982, a stroke occurred, followed by paralysis, which was complicated by a speech disorder. However, while in the hospital, Anna continued to work on a book on family law.
Psychologist Anna Freud, whose works are well-deserved recognition, died on October 8, 1982. She devoted more than 60 years of scientific activity and psychoanalytic practice. During this time, Anna prepared many articles, lectures and reports included ina ten-volume collection of her works.
