A neoplasm in psychology is a change that occurs in a person's life at a certain stage of his development. That is, at every age stage.
Early childhood
New formations in psychology are social changes that determine the consciousness of a person, his external and internal life, attitude to the environment.
At a very early age, the child begins to develop objective activity and active speech. He also begins to learn the basics of "cooperation", game substitutions and the hierarchy of motives. On the basis of all this, independence is formed. This is the first mental neoplasm. And its earlier manifestation can be observed in the child's mastery of an upright gait. The feeling of mastery of his body gives him a sense of independence.
What's next? The so-called crisis of three years. The child separates himself from others and begins to perceive himself aspersonality. He shows negativity (acts contrary to the suggestions of adults), stubbornness (insists on what he demanded), obstinacy, self-will (attempts to prove his “I”), protests, rebellion. And often despotism.
School age
Age-related neoplasms in psychology is a very interesting topic. Especially if it concerns childhood - preschool and early student ages.
Research conducted by Doctor of Psychology Elena Evgenievna Kravtsova proved that imagination is a neoplasm in the indicated periods. It is divided into three components. This is a reliance on visibility, one's own internal position and the application of past experience.
Subsequently, in the learning process, another complex neoplasm is formed - the arbitrariness of actions. It takes a lot of time to form. Since this requires the application of volitional actions, overcoming internal obstacles, and improving semantic memory. At this age, the leading activity of the child is learning. And mastering it to the fullest extent is the main neoplasm of the school period.
Adolescence
A lot has been said about this stage. And I would like to pay special attention to the information noted in the book called "Age Psychology" (Obukhov). The main psychological neoplasms of this period are of particular interest. Since age is a turning point, critical, transitional.
The book says that at this stage people "grow into"culture, in the spirit of the era in which teenagers exist. They experience a kind of rebirth and in its course acquire a new "I" - the main neoplasm at that time. In psychology, this is considered a stormy, abrupt and even crisis course. It expresses the first stage of adolescence.
The next stage is characterized by smooth, gradual and slow growth, during which young people join adulthood, but do not undergo serious and profound changes in their personality. And the third stage involves the formation of one's "I", its "cutting". And the self-education accompanying all this, flowing through internal crises, worries and anxieties.
So, according to L. F. Obukhova, adolescent neoplasms of age in psychology are the emergence of reflection, the discovery of the “I”, the awareness of personal individuality, the formation of value orientations and worldview. It is not surprising that this stage is considered to be the most difficult and important in the life of every person.
Conclusions of A. V. Petrovsky
Artur Vladimirovich was an outstanding Soviet psychologist. And he came to very interesting conclusions. He believed that a neoplasm in psychology is a phenomenon that occurs in a person's life when he integrates into certain social groups. And Petrovsky was right.
Throughout our lives, we continually join new social groups. School, university, work, sports sections, language courses - everywhere we are waiting for new teams, ineach of which a person fits into, going through three stages.
The first is adaptation. A person tries to be in the general mass and correspond to its features. The second stage involves individualization. At this stage, a person already shows his "I", shows what he really is. And the third stage is the final integration - the individual merges into society, but at the same time remains himself.
Youth
Another important milestone. Also a turning point, although not as much as a teenager. But longer - it lasts about 20 to 30 years.
Professional activity is in the first place for the majority. Which is right, because a person begins to acquire significance and value, using all his skills, intellectual resources and knowledge gained during training. Attempts to get a place in the sun and the status of a person with a capital letter are the main new formations at this moment.
Developmental psychology considers the period of youth as a stage at which a person develops an individual lifestyle, acquires the final meaning of his existence, builds a system of personal values. What a person was doing at that time often determines who she will be in the future. Also during this period, intellectual development continues. It is generally accepted that youth is the most valuable stage in a person's life. Since during this period everyone is at the peak of their abilities and may well achieve solid heights ifuses all the resources he has.
Maturity
This is the longest period in a person's life. There are no clear boundaries. German psychologist Erik Homburger Erikson, for example, believes that maturity begins at the end of youth and continues until the age of 65. However, this is not important.
Psychological neoplasm is a concept in psychology that has no limits. These phenomena accompany us throughout our lives. And in adulthood too.
This stage is the time of the full flowering of personality, when a person fulfills his life purpose in all areas that are important to him. At this time, people usually get rid of unjustified youthful maximalism and come to the conclusion that it is best to approach problems with practicality and balance.
Problems
Naturally, few people do without a midlife crisis. At this moment, special neoplasms appear. People who did not have time or did not try something experience dissatisfaction with life. They understand that their plans have sharply diverged from the implementation. Internal tension is growing due to personal relationships. Those who have children early are worried about their leaving for an independent life. Some close relatives die. Many marriages break up during adulthood. It is often at this stage that people become depressed.
But psychologists say it's impractical to lose heart at this moment. Since many characterize maturity as a promising period, at which time many people successfully implementtheir potential if they have a purpose.
New growths of old age
It is generally accepted that this period begins at the age of 75. It is final. And old age is a very complex psycho-sociobiological phenomenon. And the main new formation is a change in social status. Most old people cease to play a significant role. Their social world is shrinking. The vulnerability of the body increases. Some do not lose heart and try to have time to realize what they have not yet had time to do. Others find a hobby and finally take a break. Still others cannot find themselves and quietly worry, plunging into the memories of their youth and themselves. They look back at who they were, relive the memorable moments of their youth. Only this more often brings pain and the realization that this will never happen again: youth cannot be returned.
Because psychologists advise you to find a leading activity that would help make old age happy. It will be right and fair in relation to oneself - the most dear person in life.
