Psychology is a relatively young science, but it has already been able to stir up the world with its discoveries several times. Among them are Freud's "Theory of Psychoanalysis" and the recognition of sexual attraction as the driving force of human development, the interpretation of motivation and Maslow's "Pyramid of Needs". A lot of hype was caused by the views of the neo-Freudian Erich Fromm on the problem of the social nature of the individual, as a result of adaptation to the requirements of society. The best psychologists around the world tirelessly struggle with tasks: to understand a person, delve into his subconscious, find out what drives him, his actions.
Abraham Maslow and his pyramid of needs
Many famous psychologists, including Maslow, have worked on motivation. To understand what drives a person and makes him express himself, only this American psychologist managed to declassify. Maslow established that in order to manifest his highest abilities, a person needs to satisfy physiological needs. Based on these findings, the Maslow Pyramid was built. There are five steps in it, and only by satisfying the previous need, a person is able togo to the next one. The pyramid looks, when viewed from the bottom step of the base, as follows:
- physiological needs;
- the need for protection and security;
- the need to belong to a social group, to be accepted by society;
- need for respect and recognition;
- the need for self-expression.
There are not so many people who can reach the fifth step. According to Maslow, they are only 1-2%. He described them as follows: these people are completely satisfied with what they have achieved, they can be very fond of some kind of occupation, they are simple in relationships and are able to sympathize with people. They are independent, democratic and have a creative approach to life.
Sigmund Freud
Probably the title of "the most famous psychologist" still belongs to the Austrian Sigmund Freud. His theories are so famous that there is no person who does not know this name. It was he who first spoke about sexuality as a driving force in the development of personality. If for some reason sexuality is forced out of a person's consciousness, then it passes into the subconscious and is able to manifest itself in dreams, associations, reservations. Many well-known psychologists have condemned and still condemn the theory of psychoanalysis according to Freud, believing that it brings us closer to animals. According to him, a person's personality includes three components:
- it is a biological attraction;
- I - is responsible for resolving conflicts between it and super-I;
- super-self - personalized norms and values.
Erich Fromm's Humanism
Famous psychologists, followers of Freud, cannot do without the theory of "humanistic psychoanalysis" by Erich Fromm. His work was based on the inconsistency of human existence and the problems of modern society. Fromm believed that people are too selfish, and society is now in crisis. And only a "he althy" society, brought up on the foundations of humanism, is able to change the attitude of people towards nature, society and among themselves. Fromm outlined his ideas of humanism and a look at a person's ability to love in the book The Art of Loving.
The book of the modern psychologist Alexander Chernitsky "Light Psychology" caused a lot of unfriendly reviews. Many well-known experts who do not perceive Freudianism have reacted unfavorably to this work. Chernitsky traces an appeal to sexuality as a driving mechanism for personality development, considers the influence of dissatisfaction on a person’s mood, actions, as well as the difference between the worldview of people who lead a personal life and those who do not. Psychology as a science continues to develop, and, apparently, many well-known psychologists will stir up the public more than once with new theories.
