As you know, temperament is an innate property of a person. Some of its manifestations can be corrected, others remain unchanged, thus, the type of nervous system becomes a determining factor for the formation of personality. And by the behavior of people around us in everyday life, movie characters or literary characters, it is not so difficult to determine their types of temperament. Examples of representatives of each of the four varieties of higher nervous activity will be given in this article.
Sanguine temperament
The sanguine temperament is based on a mobile, strong,
balanced type of NS. This means that the processes of excitation and inhibition in such individuals are in balance. They are also characterized by liveliness, plasticity, fast speech with rich facial expressions and rapid movements. Sanguine people easily adapt to new conditions for them, they are energetic, hard-working, the difficulties of life do not cause them despondency, but the desire to resist them, to change the situation. Productivityactivity depends on its fascination: a sanguine person can do an interesting thing for a long time, with pleasure and very successfully.
In communication, he is easy and pleasant: he quickly converges with people, is responsive, easily finds common ground with any interlocutor. The new environment does not confuse him, but, on the contrary, tones him up. The emotional sphere is characterized by positivity, good mood. The feelings of a sanguine person are usually not deep and strong, they can quickly arise and just as quickly change. This property makes it easier to experience failure, which in general contributes to greater success in life.
By these signs, one can assume that certain personalities or characters have a sanguine temperament. Examples in literature: Stiva Oblonsky ("Anna Karenina"), Sancho Panza ("The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha"), Olga Larina ("Eugene Onegin"). In history, this temperament was possessed by N. Bonaparte, A. I. Herzen, P. Beaumarchais.
Choleric temperament
This is the most striking temperament. Examples to illustrate it are the easiest to find, because a person with this type of nervous processes - strong, unbalanced and mobile - rarely remains in the shadows. Excitation in him prevails over inhibition, mental activity is very high. Behavior is unbalanced, reactions are fast paced, gestures are strong and energetic, sometimes feverish. The life force of a choleric, as they say, splashes over the edge. He is prone to violent experience of any emotions, includinganger, but he clearly lacks self-control. In work, such a person thinks little and acts a lot, gives himself to the work with full dedication, but the energy at such a pace is not enough for long.
Such is the choleric temperament. Examples from history: poet Pushkin A. S., natural scientist Lomonosov M. V., commander Suvorov A. V., physiologist Pavlov I. P.
From literary characters: old Prince Bolkonsky ("War and Peace"), Nozdryov ("Dead Souls"), Grigory Melekhov ("Quiet Flows the Don").
Phlegmatic temperament
This type of temperament is based on a strong, balanced, inert type of nervous system. He has a low level of mental activity, all processes proceed slowly, calmly. Low activity and reactivity are characteristic. But the resistance to irritants is high, even strong and prolonged - phlegmatic is not so easy to knock off the intended course.
His feelings are constant, although they are not expressed openly, the mood is most often calm, balanced. Speech is slow, quiet, movements are inexpressive, rare and weak. The phlegmatic is patient, able to endure the blows of fate, does not show his feelings to others. He is persistent in his work, brings things to the end, loves order, changes his habits only in exceptional cases.
Phlegmatics in history: I. Kant (philosopher), C. Darwin (naturalist), I. A. Krylov (fabulist), G. Gallilei (physicist and philosopher), M. I. Kutuzov (commander).
Examples from literature: Ilya Oblomov ("Oblomov"), Sobakevich("Dead Souls"), Pierre Bezukhov ("War and Peace").
Melancholic temperament
It is based on a weak type of GNI, therefore the definition of a melancholic temperament
is not particularly difficult. These are very sensitive people, reacting even to weak stimuli, while inhibition prevails over excitation. Low level of mental activity and reactivity. The melancholic comes across as anxious, fearful, passive and inhibited, strong stimuli often throw him off balance, they can even lead to behavioral problems.
The speech is quiet, but the facial expressions are quite expressive, as if they compensate for the low voice. Movements are slow, restrained, low-energy. The melancholic gets tired quickly, he generally does not have great vitality, most often he is in a depressed mood, he rarely laughs. His feelings are deep and long-lasting, but experiences have little effect on appearance and behavior. The circle of acquaintances of such a person is limited, since he is closed and taciturn.
This is how you can characterize the melancholic temperament. Examples in history: writer Gogol N. V., poet Zhukovsky V. A., poet Nadson S. Ya., artist Levitan I. I.
Among literary characters it is worth noting Princess Marya Bolkonskaya ("War and Peace"), Podkolesina ("Marriage"), Tatiana Larina ("Eugene Onegin").
