Laws of perception in psychology. The main types and properties of perception

2024 Author: Miguel Ramacey | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 06:11

Psychology highlights some laws of human perception of the world. Scientists have studied the states when the human brain adapted to a changing reality, and came to the conclusion that those who lead a mobile lifestyle adapt better and faster. It is easier to perceive space in motion. Without this, the process of self-learning stops.

Features of human development

Established some laws of perception of the surrounding world through simple experiments and observations. So, the researchers compared passive children and mobile children in certain conditions. One such experience was observing people who found themselves in an inverted space.

The laws of perception apply to everyone without exception. The proof of this is the experience with glasses that display the world upside down. A person wearing such optics will adapt to changing conditions.

The brain begins to highlight objects and give analogies taken from experience. Literally a month later, a person feels comfortable in the new conditions and lives a normal life. But as soon as he removes the optics, he is again lost in space for a while.

Noticethe laws of perception are easy when you drive off the highway into the streets of the city after a long trip at high speed. Everything seems so slow that it seems like you are walking. To restore the feeling of speed, it is enough to stop for an hour or two. The optics example requires more time to adapt to changing conditions.

Why is this happening?

The correct perception of space directly depends on the movements of parts of the human body. An important role is played not by the movement itself from point A to B, but by the process in which muscle work is involved. Adaptation to changing conditions occurs only through motor skills, the performance of repetitive manipulations.

Children learn about the world around them through constant play. Adults are more adapted to learning, learning something new while moving. This is the peculiarities of perception, which proves the simplest experience:

• One of the adults was put on optics that turn the picture of the surrounding space, and they made him immediately move, try to perform daily functions. At first, he was confused, but quickly readjusted and began to perceive the world as usual.
• Another adult was forced to be passive and sit in a chair with no movement at all. He was also wearing similar optics. Even after a long time, he was still unable to adapt to the changed conditions.

Conclusions from experience

The correct perception of space directly depends on the physical activity of the individual. There is a so-called muscle memory, although its participation is notcan be proven by tangible facts. When moving, the organs of hearing, vision, and touch work more actively.

This is how the internal processes of forming the abilities of perception and understanding of the beautiful are more intense. For the proper development of a person, movement is necessary. According to most scientists, adequate images are formed only under such conditions.

Movements can be internal, it matters that they are muscular. Even visual perception occurs due to the chaotic movement of the pupil of the eye. When it is static, the object is blurred. This may be due to the adaptation of cones, rods.

It has been proven that such perception is unnatural, it is carried out when inhibition of all body systems is observed. The image of the object seems to disappear from the field of vision of a person.

Psychophysiological characteristics of a person

The well-known domestic scientist Sechenov proved a direct relationship between the movement of physical and psychological development. He showed that such a perception of the surrounding world is optimal. When moving, the parameters of objects are adequately perceived:

• Dimensions: length, height, depth.
• Proportions relative to other items.
• Distance to object.
• The speed of his movement and his movement.

It is impossible to imagine a static person who really perceives the state of the world around him. We can often hear the expression: while I move, I live. It appeared long before the creation of the teachings aboutpsychology.

This is the peculiarities of human perception of surrounding objects. However, the movement also affects the understanding of the essence of the concept of "time". The ability to adequately assess the parameters of objects is not enough. To exist in this world, it is important to navigate in time.

Thinking and perception can be fractional - the periodic activity of the body gives rise to the concept of time. Intervals of movements help a person to accelerate or slow down, which additionally helps to realize the essence of the true things of the universe.

His outlook depends on the dynamics of the surrounding space and the person himself. Every object is palpable in its own way. When a new object appears, the pupil begins to change its position due to the muscles. What is seen is compared with the base in memory, the distance is estimated, attempts are made to estimate the speed of the object itself.

The organs of perception receive information from the muscles in the process of examining the surrounding space. The pupil, auricles, nose receptors, nerve endings of the skin of the hands are involved in this in direct contact with objects. Movement belongs to the first condition of perception.

Memory

The perception of objects is accompanied by the recording of stable images in memory, which are stored for a long time under suddenly changing conditions in space. So, in the above example, when a person is put on glasses that turn the picture upside down, there is a violation of perception. The real situation does not correspond to the already familiar one and it is required to overwrite the existing database.

The second law of perception can be attributed to memory: images of the surrounding reality are stored for a long time, thinking reinforces them. The experience with glasses is proof: if an ordinary person puts them on, he can get lost. The same thing happens if you take them off after a long time of wearing: the memory has already overwritten the usual images and again discomfort and disorientation.

As a result, we can draw conclusions: perception and understanding directly depends on the accumulated experience of a person in the process of learning about the world around him. The memory of images, even after rewriting in a new environment, distorts the real parameters of objects. The brain is always looking for a match between the appearance of a new object and the appearance of previously encountered images.

When the situation is familiar, thinking in relation to this issue is partially turned off, and a person already intuitively perceives the surrounding reality. This explains the disappearance of discomfort in the new conditions. The speed of adaptation is different for everyone, this period is significantly reduced due to “muscle memory”.

Under changing conditions, the younger generation adapts faster because its representatives are constantly on the move. It is worth noting: if older people went in for sports every day, or at least avoided static states, then they would easily rewrite their memory area. This refers to the one that is responsible for the perception of the surrounding space.

It is enough just to walk around the room, and the process of getting used to the glasses will be much more effective than those who will sit inarmchair and see the world just by turning your head. The speed of adaptation increases with the involvement of the organs of hearing, touch. When touching surrounding objects, objects are recognized faster.

Correct memory entry

Information about surrounding objects enters the central nervous system. For the correct formation of the parameters and properties of objects, a constant and maximum influx of new information is required. This is possible only during the movement of the body or at least its parts.

Suitable conditions are created by exercises that are performed according to proven schemes. This is how we learn to walk, to swim. As a result of repeated actions, new information is recorded and corrected when a discrepancy is detected.

An example of training is an experiment where any person is placed in a pool of water for a long time. The temperature of the new space is comfortable, but the subject is unable to feel it through special equipment. The overlays completely cover the skin and exclude the possibility of touch. So a person cannot hear anything, eyes are closed.

After a while, it is removed from the water and the condition is checked. The result of the experiment becomes:

• disorientation in space;
• the ability to perceive the course of real time disappears;
• the ability to normally capture the parameters of surrounding objects decreases;
• the ability to correctly perceive tastes, sounds, colors are violated;
• for some people as a resulthallucinations appeared.

The results of the experiment led to the conclusion: a person needs constant feeding of information about the surrounding space for its correct perception. It is worth briefly moving to new conditions, and the so-called destruction of the existing superstructures occurs. Often in the common people they are called habits.

Habits are changing due to the new flow of information about the world around us. The more powerful the flow, the faster the person is retrained. In this case, the muscles become something like conductors with little resistance for information. They, as it were, strengthen the channels for its movement straight into the central nervous system.

Development process

The formation of perception occurs throughout a person's life. This process never stops as long as there is movement. Even as a child, each individual forms a real-time perception system. It subsequently affects how each new object is received by the brain.

The flow of information is created through the following processes:

• games and communication with peers;
• physical contact with objects, living organisms makes a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world;
• both work and rest are necessary, even fights are necessary for the development process;
• endless experiences help to form the correct perception: "the path of difficult mistakes" is needed to correct a memory that was recorded incorrectly under the influence of many life factors;
• search for stimulusto movement is developed in infancy and remains the main factor in inducing this or that activity.

In adult life, a person is interested in the emergence of something new in the surrounding space. This especially attracts attention if the object stands out from the usual picture. Internal excitement is explained by the adaptation reflex, which is laid down by nature itself.

Perception of the world is much more effective when leaving the "comfort zone". This rule is followed by many staff development companies. Such conditions are artificially created when a person is, as it were, removed from the usual habitual space. This achieves the emergence of an internal incentive to learn in a new reality.

In schools, creative-thinking teachers take classes outside or to another chosen place so that the body gets a shake-up and includes intuitive adaptive reflexes. A related recommendation is to change jobs more often, at least once every 3 years. Development requires a change of scenery, habitual space. A complete overwrite of existing information about the world is needed.

If you spend very long years in a closed room (office, at one work place), the body gradually goes into a half-asleep state. This is especially true for clerks who perform routine work in a sitting position and do not play sports. The change of scenery becomes like the effect of bombarding memory with a new stream of information. A person, without noticing it, becomes able to assimilate material that was previously beyond the power ofeven just to read.

Internal conflicts

The process of perception is complex in terms of classifying events. It can be described by a set of accidents in the life of each individual. All senses act on the area of memory responsible for storing the accumulated base of comparison with the outside world: hearing, sight, touch, smell, taste.

Under certain conditions, a person's inner thinking comes into conflict with the innate reflex - to know the world as it is. So, at the sight of a flying person, the first negative reaction arises: “this cannot be.” But if he himself will fly after a while, then inner peace will come - the adaptation of memory to changing conditions was successful.

When it is impossible to adapt, when a person has internal contradictions, there are difficulties with assessing the surrounding space. Disorientation persists, a person cannot lead a normal life in the new conditions. In this case, he will need psychological help, training. All information is contained in the internal structures of the brain. This is proven by a study of the sensations of people who have experienced amputation of a limb.

For a long time it seems to a person that he can move it, feels it. This feeling persists for the rest of their lives. Phantom pains occur periodically, making it impossible to adapt to a new reality.

Intuitively, a person tries to pick up a falling object with his missing hand or takeher hand, handrail. Memory is firmly fixed in the depths of the nervous system, the brain. Phantoms are developed during life. If the limb is missing from birth, then this effect is not observed.

Age

The laws of perception in psychology are conditioned by the process of human development. The formed attitude is more difficult to break with age. Until the age of 9, internal memory is accumulated. Upon completion of this time threshold, a complete base of perception of the surrounding space is accumulated.

It is for this period of life that a person is adapted to life. The base of perception is already prepared. From this age, phantoms are observed after amputation of limbs.

No one has yet provided clear evidence of a psychological component in the work of the sense organs. The given examples are only the results of the conducted research, but it is impossible to explain the deep meaning of the perception of the surrounding world from a scientific point of view. Scientists cannot give a definitive answer on how a person can adopt the following abilities through the senses:

• thinking, the ability to draw logical conclusions;
• intuitive abilities;
• Gestal structures of perception.

It is not possible to answer the question of how a person adopts these abilities through the senses. Philosophers are the ones who study this. The scientific point of view does not explain the mechanisms of transmission of hidden information.

From experiments it is clear that for a correct perception of the world it is not enoughexplore the world through our senses. Part of the information about the surrounding world must come through other channels, unknown to science yet.

Famous works of philosophers

The main assumption of scientists about the acquisition of the ability to know the world was nativistic, or natural. It considered the issue in the key: all information in a person is embedded from birth through genes. The areas of the mind responsible for this are formed according to laws that are still incomprehensible to science. The works of the English psychologist and philosopher J. Locke have a lot of thoughts on this topic.

In his works and many of his followers, the possible options for acquiring abilities through work and experience are compared. It also provides refutation of the theory of the accumulation of memory during life. So, I. M. Sechenov, a Russian psychologist, considered the role of muscle memory in human life.

D. Bohm considered the theory of acquiring abilities through human movement. In his writings, experiments were given to compare the adaptation of a mobile and passive individual. But in their writings there was no scientific evidence of the process of accumulation of information. The hypotheses remain unconfirmed so far and raise doubts among many communities involved in the search for answers to this question.

At the moment, all philosophers and psychologists agree on only one thing: a person absorbs information about the world around him through the senses, but some comes through invisible ways: the mind or is formed at birth. The surrounding world affects the consciousness and distorts the idea of the surrounding objects. This is confirmed by a simple experiment,below.

Often a person cannot immediately determine the obvious essence of a visible object. The subject is shown a blurry drawing, it is not clear to him what is shown. But when researchers name objects and show their outlines, a complete picture with individual objects immediately emerges in the subject's brain.

The man gave meaning to what he saw with the help of his own thinking. Trial and error plays an important role in this process. Each time refuting its conclusions, the brain corrects the memory and next time determines the objects accurately.

Adaptation sequence

The body's work on entering information into memory is conditionally divided into several successive stages. The beginning of the identification of objects is due to the active work of all the senses. The brain tries to process the received information and compare it with the accumulated knowledge. The intellectual process does not end until all features related to this object are selected.

Superfluous information is eliminated, only that which is characteristic of the subject under consideration remains. If it is already in memory, then the comparison ends the whole process. In the absence of matches, the brain tries to identify the object's belonging to any category. Subsequently, a search for common features occurs.

Even if the properties of an object have not yet been defined, information about its belonging to a particular category is stored in memory. This recognition process depends on accumulated experience. All mechanisms are involved here: thinking, internal information about the object, organsfeelings. It can be concluded that the absence of at least one of them will not make it possible to obtain a reliable and complete picture.