The Russian language is rich in a large number of different parts of speech that help build a competent and logical text. But it is impossible to imagine our native speech without participles, forms of the verb, which contain both its features, and adjectives. Participles are a synthesized part of speech that has a large number of expressive possibilities and can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied in the course of the school curriculum.
Signs of adjectives in participles
First of all, it is necessary to define the participle as a part of speech. A participle is a verb form that combines the features of an adjective and a verb and answers the questions what? which the? The participle characterizes the action and its sign at the same time. So briefly you can explain what the sacrament is. Examples of words related to this part of speech are leading, shouting, knowing, becoming, living,readable and many more.
Because the participle is inseparable from the adjective, they have some common features. So, participles can change in numbers, gender and cases. It is important to note that both short and full participles have these features. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change by gender), recognizing - recognizing (singular and plural), composed - composed - composed (change by cases: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).
Signs of the verb in the participle
Because the participle is a form of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely related and have a set of common features. Among them, one should note the appearance (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irrevocable (laughing, removed), pledge (passive - prepared, real - aging). Transitivity and intransitivity is another sign that characterizes the sacrament. Examples of words that are transitive are cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), intransitive - downtrodden, inspired.
A special point is that participles have time. It must be remembered that this part of speech has only the past and present tenses. Participles do not have a future tense form.
Real participles
This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But whatwhat is real communion in practice? Examples of words of this category are frightening, whispering, lived, screaming, flying, etc.
In a sentence, the real participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that names the predicate (for example: A mother is watching a child play).
Special situation with real past participles. What action describes a particular participle can be judged after determining the type of verb from which it is formed. So, if the real participle is formed with the help of the corresponding suffixes from the perfect verb, then the action occurred before the other, called the verb. For example, there is a student in the class who has solved a test. The participle is formed from the verb "decide" (what to do?) - the perfect form. There is a student in the class doing a test. In this case, the sentence uses an imperfect participle.
Passion participles
Another variation of this part of speech is the passive participle. Examples of words that fall into this category could be: created, acquired, dressed, built in, driven, etc.
This type of participle describes an action that is performed on an object. In turn, the process that calls the participle can occur both simultaneously with what the predicate is talking about, or end earlier, nevertheless have a connection with the present moment.
Very often in both speech and literatureyou can meet the passive participle with the dependent word. Examples of such phrases: a work written by a composer, a music track listened to by a music lover, etc.
Connection with other parts of speech
The participle can be transformed into other parts of speech under the influence of various processes that contribute to the development of the Russian language. So, the participle can be substantiated into a noun (it is necessary to pay attention to such words as commander, future, which answer the questions who? and what?).
Another important concept is the adjectivized participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, mature, intimate, innate, etc. A completely logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help to separate these parts of speech is to find the participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words are pan-fried potatoes, outrageous act, etc.
Analysis of participles in the topic "Morphology"
In the course of studying each part of speech, both in the school curriculum and in the curriculum of any philological faculty, there are tasks for parsing a particular word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which this lexical unit belongs, and correctly perform the analysis. So, let's try to parse the sacrament. How to determine that the word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing suffixes -usch-, -yushch (participating, thirsty), -ash-, -yash- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (becoming), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, led), - all these are participles, real and passive, past or present.
So, parsing a participle consists of substituting a question for it (most often which one?), identifying it as a participle, indicating the initial form of the masculine gender, the singular in the nominative case, defining the verb and the suffix with which it is from it educated. It is also obligatory to indicate the type, the presence of reflexivity and transitivity, voice, tense, form (short or full), gender, number, case and declension, syntactic role in this particular sentence.
