The psychology of education is an area that occupies a central place in both psychology and pedagogy. Such prominent personalities as N. K. Krupskaya, A. S. Makarenko, K. D. Ushinsky, A. P. Pinkevich, P. P. Blonsky and others did a lot to shape the theory of pedagogy in the 19th and 20th centuries.
What is good manners?
Today, education and upbringing are phenomena of great importance. Of course, modern society requires new views and ideas. It should not be argued that the principles on which the psychology of education is based are outdated. They simply require change and transformation in connection with social development. This problem is becoming more and more relevant in the scientific world and requires rethinking.
The study of such a question as a person's upbringing is justified by the methods and approaches of pedagogical science, which are characterized by reliability and validity. Despite the fact that pedagogy is an independent science, it uses the methods of related sciences - philosophy, political science, psychology, ethics,sociology and history and others.
Education is one of the most important axiological components, which is part of the social structure of the individual. But the definition does not end there. Also, upbringing is a system of social concepts that determine a person’s life (for example, relationships, desires, values, actions).
Expression of good manners
Personal education combines general and individual aspects, which are expressed in needs, values, desires, motives and orientations. They have a behavioral form that appears as follows:
- The relationship of a person with the outside world and his life.
- Relation to the achievements of civilization and cultural values.
- Striving to realize your goals and potential.
- Feeling of community with people around.
- Respect for the rights and freedoms of others.
- Active life and social position.
- Treat yourself as a carrier of individuality.
Determining the level of upbringing should concern not only a single person, but also entire groups of people and peoples. To achieve this character trait, they use the systematic activity of state and public institutions, which is distinguished by purposefulness, to create special conditions that cultivate good breeding. This process is called parenting.
Education is the characteristic that gives a person more opportunities to do a lot of good things for other people, for himself. The socialization of the individual includes the process of education, and it is of no small importance.
Determining the level of upbringing
The set of methods and techniques aimed at studying the level of upbringing, the formation of those traits and personal properties of a person that are manifested in relationships between people, is called the diagnosis of upbringing. Let's consider this concept in more detail.
It is quite difficult to diagnose the level of upbringing of a student, because the procedure itself can be influenced by various factors of the external and internal environment. For example, the lack or unreliability of research methods, the environment and much more.
To be able to determine the level of upbringing of a student or an adult, a comparison is made of the data obtained as a result of diagnostics with established standards. The difference between the initial and final indicator tells us about the effectiveness of the educational process.
Classification of upbringing criteria
As mentioned above, the reference characteristics are the criteria of upbringing, which are currently divided into different subspecies. The most popular types will be presented in this article.
The first classification subdivides the criteria into 2 groups:
1. Those that have a connection with phenomena that are not noticeable to the educator are plans, motivational sphere and beliefs of a person.
2. Those that are associated with the clarification of the external form of the products of education - judgments, assessments and actions.
Second classificationdivides the criteria into the following:
- Informative. They determine how much the content side of upbringing (knowledge, social behavior, positive character traits and good habits) has been assimilated.
- Estimated. They are aimed at a clear diagnosis of a particular quality, that is, the level of its formation is determined.
The third classification highlights the following criteria of upbringing:
- Private. They are used to obtain intermediate results in the process of education.
- General. They express the level of upbringing that the team or individual has achieved.
Technology for diagnosing upbringing
In the process of researching such a quality as upbringing, scientists advise to follow the technology, which includes a number of stages.
First, the experimenter organizes a class meeting where each student can be discussed, or a group meeting. Only statements should be polite and not carry a lot of negativity.
Secondly, the subjects are invited to give an independent assessment and characterization of themselves on the entire scale.
Thirdly, a meeting of teachers is organized where they discuss the results of the study and compare them with the source code and the criteria of upbringing.
Fourthly, each student receives an overall mark on the upbringing scale.
Fifthly, the results are presented in tables and charts.
School and teachers are important in shapingupbringing of the student, but the role of the family in the upbringing of the child is even greater.
How is good breeding researched?
Let's consider some diagnostic methods:
- Observation. This method allows you to obtain information about personality traits through behavioral manifestations in different life situations.
- Conversation. During the diagnostic conversation, the experimenter can already determine the relative level of education of the student.
- Questioning. Scientists have developed a special test called "Questionnaire upbringing." The subject fills out a form with questions, and the experimenter analyzes the content of the answers.
- Analysis method and statistical data processing methods.
And some more diagnostic methods
Studying the phenomenon under consideration, one should not forget that, by determining the level of upbringing, the experimenter also diagnoses the moral essence of a person. In connection with this fact, individual conclusions about upbringing may include data that reflects all personality traits, because these qualities are closely interconnected.
Diagnosis of upbringing also includes a biographical method, analysis of activity products, etc. It is worth noting that not a single technique has complete universality, because there are some requirements for their use. Therefore, if the experimenter wants to obtain voluminous reliable data, he must use a number of methods and the whole complex of diagnostictoolkit.
Using multiple methods provides the following options:
- A clear and complete analysis of personality traits.
- Reduction of subjectivity in the assessment of upbringing, because the facts obtained are obtained from various diagnostic methods.
- Determining the minuses and shortcomings in the educational process of students.
Pitfalls
Thanks to the computerization of diagnostic technology, it has become much easier to obtain and process information on the levels of upbringing, and the general conclusions speak of the reliability and reliability of the available data. But any pedagogical technology, including diagnostic technology, has both advantages and disadvantages.
Firstly, the diagnostics of upbringing is an understudied area, and therefore its methodological base has not been developed enough. A teacher planning diagnostics will face the unreliability of certain methods, and the results that he will receive will not be accurate and reliable enough.
Secondly, many of the methods used in diagnostics are labor-intensive and require a fairly large amount of time. For example, the accuracy of the observation results will depend on its duration.
Third, certain means, such as questionnaires and interviews, are unlikely to provide accurate and reliable data.
The use of various methods and techniques for diagnosing upbringing allows the teacher to holistically consider this phenomenon. Of course, there are some shortcomings and errors in the presented technology, but it is successfully used.experts in their practice.
Family Influence
Probably, it should not be reminded once again that the role of the family in raising a child is simply enormous, and what is laid down in childhood has a strong impact on a person's personality and life in the future. At preschool age, the main authority is the parents, and it is they who form many personality traits. At school age, the inclinations laid down by the father and mother appear.
If a child receives enough love, care, attention and positive emotions in a family, then he will grow up well-mannered. Negative atmosphere, conflicts and quarrels are reflected even in the smallest man. The role of the family in raising a child is not exaggerated, because in such conditions the life position of the baby is formed.
It is also worth noting that parents themselves are role models. If good breeding is a trait of mother and father, then the child will have it too. For example, the mother's anxiety is easily transmitted to the child through invisible emotional threads, like other aspects. Children absorb good manners and courtesy in communication like a sponge from a family environment. The aggressive and unrestrained behavior of the father will be expressed in the fact that the child will fight with other guys.
The importance of parental authority
Mother and father should not lose sight of different aspects of parenting. You need to explain everything to the baby in a language he understands. Having matured, the child will no longer need parental moralizing and will begin to protest. Do not leave the baby alone with the problem, benearby, help, but do not do everything for him, because the child must acquire his own experience.
Family is a safe area where you can teach and prepare a little person for different situations, form different behaviors. Parents show the baby what is good and what is bad, what can and cannot be done. Remember that you are an ideal, an example for your child. If you're teaching a child that lying is bad, then don't lie to them yourself.
Instead of a conclusion
It happens that parents cannot find a common solution about education, and conflicts arise. The child does not need to see and hear this at all. Remember that this is a new personality with its own capabilities, resources, desires, and not just a parental continuation that can realize your unfulfilled hopes. Personal education is not an easy process, but very interesting!
