Madhab in Islam is called the school of Sharia law. In the first centuries after the emergence of this now very widespread religion, many revered theologians appeared who were engaged in the life of the Prophet Muhammad and his disciples. On the basis of their works, a huge number of schools for the practical application of the Koran and Sunnah were subsequently created. Of course, not all of them have survived to our times.
At the moment there are four main madhhabs in the Muslim world. Adherents of Islam believe that these teachings are the authentic Sunnah and the correct projection of the Koran on modern everyday practice. At the same time, the Hanafi madhhab is the most widespread in the world. The majority of Muslims are followers of this teaching.
Founder
This most common madhhab in Islam is named after Azam Abu Hanifa. It was this ascetic and pious imam, revered by Muslims all over the world, who was its founder. Azabm Abu Hanif was born in the era of the Sahaba in Kufa. This city at that time was one of the most important educational, cultural and religious centers of the Caliphate. The Imam's family was originally from Iran and was engaged insilk trade.
From an early age, Azam Abu Hanif began to show interest in various religious and philosophical teachings that existed then in Kufa. Growing up, he decided to completely move away from the trade in silk and devote himself entirely to science.
Studying fiqh
At first, Azam Abu Hanif took an active part in various kinds of religious and philosophical disputes between the Kharijites, Mutazilites and representatives of other groups. Subsequently, he became interested in Islamic law (fiqh). First of all, he began to carefully study the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad and the verses (verses) of the Koran. At the same time, Azam Abu Hanif set out to deduce from the scriptures and systematize legal prescriptions, giving them at the same time a scientific justification.
This Muslim philosopher has been studying fiqh for a long time - about 28 years. His mentors in Islamic law at different times were such revered Muslim theologians as Amr ibn Jumakhi, Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri, Hisham ibn Urva, etc.
Hanafi madhhab: difference from other schools
The prevalence of this school in the Muslim world is primarily due to its flexibility. In addition, the popularization of the Hanafi madhhab was facilitated by a detailed study of issues related to Sharia. At the moment, this is the most detailed religious and legal teaching in the Muslim world.
In addition to Abu Hanif himself, the founders of the Hanafi madhhab are considered to be his followers Muhammad ash-Shaibani and Abu Yusuf. These three revered philosophers-theologians succeeded in creating the most speculative school, following the path not only of strictly religious, but also of purely rational conclusions.
Faith
If you put together all the books of the Hanafi madhhab, then there will be more of them than the other three combined. The vast majority of Muslims of this school adopted maturidism as the doctrinal basis of faith. This philosophical Islamic movement was formed in the 13th century and became widespread during the Ottoman rule.
The main distinguishing feature of maturidism is that its followers in questions "about the Being of God" are allowed to rely not only on revelations, but also on their own mind, of course, without going to extremes. With regard to free will, the dogma of the Jabris is partly recognized in this regard. The latter believe that all human affairs are not created by them, but by God. However, at the same time, unlike the Jabrits who completely deny the freedom of choice of a person, adherents of the Hanfi madhhab recognize the fact that Allah brings to life only what originally comes from the person himself. Simply put, according to the beliefs of the maturidites, people do their actions themselves, but only with the help of God's power.
Main sources of law
Representatives of such a school as the Hanafi madhhab rely solely on the Sunnah and the Koran in their beliefs. In addition, the legal prescriptions of Abu Hanifa are based on sources such as:
- Kiyas. That is a judgment by analogy. Such a techniqueis used in Islam when it is necessary to clarify in the absence of direct indications in Revelation on how to solve a particular problem. In this case, pay attention to the analogies in the Qur'an.
- Ijama - the unity of opinions of philosophers-theologians of the past and present.
- Orff - using traditional Islamic opinions as an argument in the absence of precise indications in Revelation.
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Istihsan. It is used in the event that qiyas conflicts with ijama and orf. If a judgment by analogy is not appropriate, a legal order may be issued with the rejection of qiyas arguments.
Also, clarity in various aspects of Sharia in this school can be made on the basis of the statements of the students of the Prophet Muhammad.
Prayer according to the Hanafi madhhab: conditions
The first order of the Sharia (the pillar of Islam) is the pronunciation of the formula of monotheism and the recognition of the mission of the Prophet Muhammad, the second is prayer. The order of prayer in Islam has developed in the form of imitation of the postures and movements of the Prophet Muhammad himself. The way in which he performed namaz was remembered by his disciples and the first Muslims. Subsequently, they passed the rules of prayer to other followers of Islam.
Prayer is performed by representatives of such an ancient school as the Hanafi madhhab, subject to six conditions:
- ablution;
- covering the body (for men - from the navel to the knees, for women - everything except the face,stop and brushes);
- appeal to the Qibla (you need to stand facing the Kaaba);
- timeliness of prayer;
- the intention to pray is not formal, but for the sake of Allah;
- beginning of prayer with the words "Allahu Akbar".
Difference from prayer of other schools
According to the prescriptions, it is necessary to perform the ritual of turning to God in Islam five times a day. In principle, the prayer itself is performed in much the same way as in other schools. But there are also some differences. So, for example, in the Hanafi school it is forbidden to combine those prayers that should be held at different times of the day, during rain or on the way. There are only a few exceptions to this rule. During the Hajj, Hanafi in some cases still unite prayers.
Features of morning prayers
The first of the five prayers of the male adherents of this school is carried out when it becomes light enough to distinguish the surrounding things. This practice was once adopted, apparently with the aim of gathering more people in the mosque. Women spend their morning prayers usually in the dark.
Madhab in Russia
In our country, Muslims for the most part belong to the most widespread group of Sunnis in Islam. Such, for example, are the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kabradins, Circassians and some other peoples. According to scholarly research, Sunnis of the Hanafi madhhab appeared in Russia almost immediately after the Islamic witness.
Besides the Hanafis, there are only practicing Shafiites in our country. Basically, these are people from the Caucasus who settled in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other large cities. Thus, the Hanafi and Shafi madhhabs are the only schools of Sharia law in Russia.
