One of the greatest achievements of mankind is speech. This is a unique phenomenon that only people can fully perceive. With the help of this tool, people think, communicate with each other, express their feelings. In ancient Greece, a person was referred to as a "talking animal", but there is a very significant difference. After all, people do not just build a sound system of signals that convey their feelings and thoughts, but also describe the whole world around them with its help. Types of speech in psychology are classified and are divided into several groups.
Basic speech forms
The languages that are used all over the world have one basis - it is speech. It is quite versatile and has many forms. But all the main types of speech in psychology are divided into two groups: 1) oral; 2) written. But they are not something opposite to each other, but are closely intertwined. Their main similarity is the sound system they both rely on. Almost all languages, except hieroglyphic, consider written speech as a kind of oral transmission. Thus, we can draw an analogy with music. Any performer, looking at the notes, time afterat once perceives the melody that the composer wanted to convey, and the changes, if any, are insignificant. So the reader reproduces the phrase or word that is written on paper, while each time voicing an almost identical scale.
Dialogical or colloquial speech
Each time speaking, a person uses the original form of speech - oral. The characteristic of types of speech in psychology calls it dialogic or colloquial. Its main feature is the active support of the other side, that is, the interlocutor. For its existence, there must be at least two people who communicate using phrases and simple turns of language. From the point of view of psychology, this type of speech is the simplest. A detailed presentation is not required here, since the interlocutors understand each other well in the process of dialogue, and it will not be difficult for them to mentally complete the phrase that the other person said. The types of speech in psychology are very diverse, but the dialogue is different in that everything that is said is clear precisely in the context of this situation. Verbosity is unnecessary here, because each phrase replaces many sentences.
Monologue speech
Types of speech in psychology are quite well disclosed, and one of them is monologue. It differs from the conversational one in that only one person directly participates in it. The rest are passive listeners who simply perceive it, but do not take part. Often this type of speech is used by speakers, public figures or teachers. It is believed that a monologue story is much more difficult than a dialogic conversation, because the speaker must have a number of skills. He must coherently and consistently build his narrative, intelligibly explain difficult points, while all language norms must be observed. He must also choose exactly those means and methods that will be available to a particular audience, it is necessary to take into account the psychological mood of the listeners. And, most importantly, you need to be able to control yourself in any situation.
Active form of speech
Types of language and speech in psychology are also divided in relation to the one who speaks and the one who perceives. On this basis, passive and active speech are divided. The latter helps a person to express his thoughts, sharing his experiences with others. There are special speech mechanisms that regulate and control active speech. They are located in the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, namely in its frontal part. This is a very important area, because if it is damaged, then a person simply will not be able to talk. In speech therapy, this disorder is called "motor aphasia".
Passive form
Active and passive types of speech in psychology are considered inseparable. It is difficult to talk about them briefly, because this is a very extensive topic. It is believed that the child first masters passive speech. That is, he first tries to understand the people talking around him. To do this, he listens carefully to them and first remembers a smallwords and then phrases. This helps him say the first words and develop in this direction. Therefore, passive speech is the one that we perceive. But this name is arbitrary, since many complex processes also take place during listening. We pronounce each word directed at us "to ourselves", we think it over, although there are no external signs of such activity. But even here there are exceptions, because not everyone listens the same way: some catch every word, and someone does not even understand the essence of the conversation. These types of speech in psychology are described as dependent on the individual characteristics of a particular person. Some people are excellent at both actively speaking and passively perceiving, for some, these two processes are difficult, while for others, one of them predominates.
Letter
As mentioned above, the main classification of types of speech in psychology divides it into oral and written. The main difference of the second one is that it has a material carrier (paper, computer screen, etc.). Although these are related concepts, there are significant differences between these methods of communication. Written speech is presented in its entirety to the one who perceives it. In oral speech, words are pronounced one after another and the previous word can no longer be somehow perceived, it has already melted into the air. A written story differs from an oral story in that the reader has the opportunity to return to one or another part of the written, jump over several parts and immediately find out the denouement of the action. This gives some advantage to thiskind of speech. For example, if the person listening is poorly versed in the perceived topic, then it will be much better for him to read the necessary data several times in order to delve deeper into them. The letter is also very convenient for someone who puts his thoughts on paper. He can at any time correct what he does not like, build a certain structure of the text, while not repeating himself. Also it can be decorated more beautifully from an aesthetic point of view. But all this requires more effort from the author, he must think over the construction of each phrase, write it correctly, while presenting the idea as accurately as possible, without unnecessary "water". You can conduct a simple experiment that will help you understand the difference between these types of speech in psychology. The scheme of this experiment is very simple. You need to take a voice recorder and record the speech of different people during the day. Then it needs to be written down on paper. Every small mistake that is not perceived by ear will be simply terrifying on paper. Oral speech, in addition to the words themselves, uses many more means that help convey the whole meaning of the said phrase. These include intonation, facial expressions and gestures. And in writing, you need to express everything and not use the above means.
Kinetic speech
At a time when people had not yet learned to speak, kinetic speech was the only means of communication. But now we have saved only small pieces of such a conversation. This is the emotional accompaniment of the language, namely gestures. They give expressiveness to everything said, helpthe speaker to set the audience in the right way. But even in our time there is a large group of people who use kinetic speech as the main one. These are people who have problems with hearing and speech apparatus, that is, deaf and dumb people. They are divided into those who were born with a pathology, and those who have lost the ability to hear and speak due to an accident or illness. But they all speak sign language, and this is the norm for them. This speech is more developed than that of an ancient person, and the sign system is more advanced.
Inner speech
The conscious activity of any person is based on thinking, which, in turn, refers to inner speech. Animals also have the rudiments of thinking and consciousness, but it is inner speech that allows a person to have unprecedented intelligence and abilities that are a mystery to animals. As mentioned above, a person repeats every word he hears in his head, that is, reverberates. And this concept is very closely connected with inner speech, because it can instantly turn into it. The dialogue of a person with himself is actually inner speech. He can prove something to himself and inspire, convince of something, support and cheer up no worse than those around him.
Speech Features
All types of speech in psychology have their functions. A table of the functionality of each of them can more clearly reveal all their facets.
| 1) Designation | 2) Generalization | 3) Communication |
| This feature shows the difference between human and animal communication. Representatives of the fauna can convey only an emotional state with sounds, and a person is able to point to any phenomenon or object. | A person is able to designate with a single word a whole group of objects that are similar in certain qualities. Speech and thinking of a person are closely connected, without the language of thought does not exist. | Man is able to communicate his emotions and thoughts with the help of speech, share his experiences and observations, which animals are simply not capable of. |
Thus, human speech has many forms, and each of them is simply indispensable for building proper communication.
