We acquire new knowledge in the process of knowing reality. Some of them we get as a result of the impact of the objects of the world around us on the senses. But we take the main part of the information by extracting new knowledge from what we already have. That is, drawing certain conclusions or conclusions.
Inference is a generally accepted verbal form, due to which, indirectly, and not based on observations, objects and their relationships are distinguished and designated. It is very important that the conclusion is correct. Only then will the conclusions be correct. In order for this requirement to be fulfilled, it is necessary that the conclusions are built according to the laws of logic and certain rules.
Logical reasoning
To check the correctness of the conclusion made, it is necessary to study the subject in detail and compare the idea of it with the general opinion. But this requires not passive contemplation, but practical activity that influences the thing. In addition, a conclusion is a judgment drawnlogically. Together they form a logical figure - a syllogism. A logical judgment is made on the basis of a proof model and preconceived conclusions, not on the basis of direct observation.
Unconscious inference
This term was coined by G. Helmholtz. In this case, the word "inference" is a metaphor, since it is assumed that the conclusion is made not according to the result, but unconsciously. The subject seems to be reasoning, but in reality an unconscious perceptual process takes place. But since this process is unconscious, it cannot be influenced by conscious efforts. That is, even if the subject understands that his perception is wrong, he cannot change his judgment and perceive the event differently.
Conditional propositions
Chain conditional inference is conditional propositions linked together in such a way that the second proposition follows from the first. Any judgment includes premises, conclusions and conclusions. The premises are initial, a new judgment is derived from them. The conclusion is obtained logically from the premises. A conclusion is a logical transition from premises to a conclusion.
Types of inference
Distinguish between demonstrative and non-demonstrative inferences. In the first case, the conclusion is made on the basis of a logical law. In the second case, the rules allow the possible conclusion to follow from the premises.
In addition, inferences are classified according to the direction of logical consequence, according tothe degree of connection between the knowledge expressed in the premises and the conclusion. There are the following types of inferences: deductive, inductive and inferences by analogy.
Inductive reasoning is based on a research method, the main purpose of which is to analyze the movement of knowledge from judgments of the particular to the general. In this case, induction is a certain logical form that reflects the ascent of thought from less general provisions to more general ones.
Inductive reasoning is an empirical observation that can be immediately verified. That is, this method is simpler and more accessible than deduction.
